Promoters and usage thereof

ABSTRACT

Promoters and usage thereof. Two promoters, acuF and hsp promoters, comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1 and 2, respectively.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/529,330 filed Dec. 12, 2003.

BACKGROUND

The invention relates to promoters and usage thereof.

Historically, the genus Monascus has been wildly used as food additives in China and Asiatic countries. The fermentate is obtained as scarlet to purple red grains which have the original rice grain structure well preserved. In addition, a health promoting effect is ascribed traditionally to the product. The application of Monascus in the rice wine manufacture is due to its high content of alpha-amylase which promotes the conversion of starch into glucose. Scientific investigations have confirmed pharmacological effects of Monascus fermentate such as Monacolin K, Mevinolin, and the like. The preservative effect of Monascus fermentate has also been confirmed.

Studies in this field have focused on the gene products of Monascus spp., an increasing interest is that the Monascus EST database may provide more information for recombinant DNA technology.

SUMMARY

The inventors have searched Monascus EST database of BCRC 38072 deposited in the Food Industry Research and Development Institute. Two genes with high expression rates were obtained and matched as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (acuF) gene and heat shock protein (hsp) gene. The upstream regions of the two genes were examined and two promoter regions were identified. The invention was then achieved.

Accordingly, an embodiment of the invention provides an isolated DNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a nucleotide sequence hybridizable to SEQ ID NO: 1 under stringent conditions. The DNA molecule has promoter activity.

Also provided is a recombinant DNA including a promoter region and a coding region. The promoter region has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or the nucleotide sequence hybridizable to SEQ ID NO: 1 under stringent conditions and the coding region has a nucleotide sequence encoding a desired protein.

Another embodiment of the invention provides an expression vector comprising a promoter. The promoter has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or the nucleotide sequence hybridizable to SEQ ID NO: 1 under stringent conditions.

Yet another embodiment of the invention provides a DNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or a nucleotide sequence hybridizable to SEQ ID NO: 2 under stringent conditions. The DNA molecule has promoter activity.

Furthermore, another embodiment of the invention provides a recombinant DNA comprising a promoter region and a coding region. The promoter region has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or the nucleotide sequence hybridizable to SEQ ID NO: 2 under stringent conditions and the coding region has a nucleotide sequence encoding a desired protein.

Moreover, another embodiment of the invention provides an expression vector comprising a promoter having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or the nucleotide sequence hybridizable to SEQ ID NO: 2 under stringent conditions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the invention can be more fully understood and further advantages become apparent when reference is made to the following description and the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates the procedures for an embodiment of acuF promoter region.

FIG. 2 illustrates the recombinant vector of the embodiment of acuF promoter region. The embodiment of acuF promoter region was cloned into the vector pHygEGFP to be the recombinant vector pMS-acuF.

FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate the EGFP expression after pMS-acuF transformation. FIG. 3A: bright field; FIG. 3B: under fluorescent filter.

FIG. 4 illustrates the procedures for an embodiment of Hsp promoter region.

FIG. 5 illustrates the recombinant vector of the embodiment of Hsp promoter region. The embodiment of Hsp promoter region was cloned into the vector pHygEGFP to be pMS-hsp.

FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate the EGFP expression after pMS-hsp transformation. FIG. 6A: under light-field; FIG. 6B: under fluorescent filter.

FIG. 7 illustrates the electrophoresis of the PCR produce. Lane 1:1 kb marker (Bio-1 kb™ DNA ladder); lanes 2-5 transformants No. 1-4; lane 6: BCRC 38072 wild-type, (−) control; and lane 7: pHygEGFP, (+) control.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Two genes with high expression rates were obtained by searching Monascus EST database of BCRC 38072 collected in the Food Industry Research and Development Institute and matched as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (acuF) gene and heat shock protein (Hsp) gene. It was proposed that the two genes are regulated by upstream strong promoters, and the promoters may be used for protein over-expression.

Monascus BCRC 38072 was observed as having the characteristics of:

Macroscopic Characteristics:

CYA, 25° C., 7 days. Colonies 25-26 mm diam, mycelium white initially, becoming light reddish orange, reverse deep reddish orange.

MEA, 25° C., 7 days. Colonies 48 mm diam, bright reddish orange, reverse vivid reddish orange.

G25N, 25° C., 7 days. Colonies 28-29 mm diam, deep reddish orange, deep yellowish orange at the centers.

Microscopic Characteristics:

Aleurioconidia arising singly or occasionally in short chains, obpyriform to globose, 10-13×8-10 μm. Cleistothecia globose, 37-72 μm diam. Ascospores hyaline, ellipsoid, 4.6-6.3 (−6.6)×3.3-4.2 μm.

According to the classification system of Hawksworth & Pitt (1983), BCRC 38072 was identified as:

Morphological Characteristics:

BCRC 38072 is between M. pilosus and M. rubber.

1. BCRC 38072 is similar to M. pilosus in colony color and growth rate.

2. BCRC 38072 is similar to M. ruber in the morphology of ascospore.

Sequence Analysis:

BCRC 38072, M. ruber, and M pilosus share 100% sequence similarity in rDNA ITS fragments and β-tubulin gene.

Species Identification:

BCRC 38072 was temporarily denominated as Monascus pilosus K. Sato ex D. Hawksw. & Pitt.

phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (acuF) is important for gluconeogenesis in animals and is persistently and strongly expressed in cells.

Gluconeogenesis in an animal includes the steps of transferring pyruvate into oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase, and transferring oxaloacetate into phosphoenolpyruvate by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. The reactions are as below.

Heat shock protein (Hsp) is a protein family with highly conserved genes and is widespread in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This protein family includes 4 subfamilies: Hsp 90 (83-90 KDa), Hsp 70 (66-78 KFa), Hsp 60, and small Hsp families classified by their molecular weights. The over-expression of these proteins in an animal is induced by environmental stimuli.

The promoters of acuF and Hsp genes were compared with published database by BLAST, and no similar sequence was found. Recombinant vectors were then prepared by the recombination of acuF or Hsp promoters with pHygEGFP which includes Hph (hygromycin B phosphotransferase) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fusion protein. It has been proved that the two promoters have the activity of opening downstream genes from the observation of EGFP expression using these recombinant vectors.

(I) acuF Promoter

Accordingly, an embodiment of the invention provides an isolated DNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a nucleotide sequence hybridizable to SEQ ID NO: 1 under stringent conditions. The DNA sequence has promoter activity. The DNA molecule having promoter activity may comprises from about 117 to about 1116 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1, particularly from about 367 to about 1116 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1, more particularly from about 517 to about 1116 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1. In addition, the DNA molecule is obtained from bacteria or fungi, particularly from Monascus sp., more particularly from Monascus pilosus, Monascus ruber, or Monascus purpureus. The DNA molecule can be cloned by genetic engineering from the upstream sequence of the start coden of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (acuF) in BCRC 38072 deposited in the Food Industry Research and Development Institute. The genetic engineering includes gene library construction, colony hybridization, primer walking, or PCR. Moreover, it is easy for those skilled in the art to obtain the DNA sequence or the substantial promoter region by PCR, hybridization, and artificial synthesis according to the DNA sequence disclosed in the invention. The stringent condition for hybridization can be found in EP 1325959 A1 P7 [0036].

Another embodiment of the invention provides a recombinant DNA comprising a promoter region and a coding region. The promoter region comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or the nucleotide sequence hybridizable to SEQ ID NO: 1 under stringent conditions. Particularly, the promoter region comprises from about 117 to about 1116 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1, more particularly, from about 367 to about 1116 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1, or even from about 517 to about 1116 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1. The promoter region can be obtained from Monascus sp, particularly, from Monascus pilosus, Monascus ruber, or Monascus purpureus, and can be cloned by genetic engineering from the upstream sequence of the start coden of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (acuF) in BCRC 38072 deposited in the Food Industry Research and Development Institute. The coding region comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a desired protein. The desired protein includes enzymes such as protease, polyketide synthase and lipase; transcription factors such as activators and RNA polymerase; and hormone such as insulin and growth factor.

Yet another embodiment of the invention provides an expression vector comprising a promoter having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or the nucleotide sequence hybridizable to SEQ ID NO: 1 under stringent conditions. The promoter is as defined in the promoter region of the embodiment of the recombinant DNA. Material for constructing the embodiment of the expression vector includes a molecule sequence suitable for self-amplification in a host cell or integration into the host chromosome, such as a plasmid, a phage, or a virus. The expression vector selectively includes a nucleotide sequence encoding a desired protein, and the desired protein includes enzymes such as protease, polyketide synthase and lipase; transcription factors such as activator and RNA polymerase; and hormone such as insulin and growth factor.

Another aspect of the invention relates to an expression system comprising the defined expression vector, and a host cell suitable for expressing the desired protein. The vector is transformed into thehost cell bytransformation. The host cell indicates any cell suitable for expressing the desired protein. Suitable host cells include bacteria, yeasts, animal cells, insect cells, plant cells, or filamentous fungi. The filamentous fungi can be Monascus sp., particularly Monascus pilosus, Monascus rubber, or Monascus purpureus, more particularly BCRC38072. Transformation can be completed by applying a transformation method for filamentous fungi belonging to the genus Aspergillus using the standing known host-vector system. See EP 1325959 A1 P5 [0022].

The invention also relates to a transformant comprising a nucleotide sequence of a) SEQ ID NO: 1, b) from about 117 to about 1116 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1, c) from about 367 to about 1116 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1, or d) from about 517 to about 1116 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1, or a nucleotide sequence hybridizable to the nucleotide sequence defined above under stringent conditions. The transformant further comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a desired protein.

The invention also relates to a method for the expression of a protein. The method comprises culturing an embodiment of a transformant which includes a nucleotide sequence encoding a desired protein in a medium, producing and accumulating the desired protein from the transformant to the medium, and collecting the desired protein from the medium.

(II) Hsp Promoter

An embodiment of the invention provides an isolated DNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or a nucleotide sequence hybridizable to SEQ ID NO: 2 under stringent conditions. The DNA molecule has promoter activity. The DNA molecule having promoter activity may comprises from about 443 to about 1478 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 2, particularly from about 759 to about 1478 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 2, more particularly from about 982 to about 1478 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 2. The DNA molecule can be obtained from bacteria or fungi, particularly from Monascus sp., more particularly from Monascus pilosus, Monascus ruber, or Monascus purpureus. The DNA was cloned by genetic engineering from the upstream sequence of the start coden of heat shock protein (hsp) in BCRC38072 deposited in the Food Industry Research and Development Institute. The genetic engineering includes gene library construction, colony hybridization, shotgun, and PCR. Moreover, the DNA sequence or the substantial promoter region is obtainable for those skilled in the art by PCR, hybridization, and artificial synthesis according to the sequence disclosed in the invention. The stringent conditions for hybridization can be found in EP 1325959 A1 P7 [0036].

Another aspect of the invention provides a recombinant DNA comprising a promoter region and a coding region. The promoter region comprises a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or a nucleotide sequence hybridizable to SEQ ID NO: 2 under stringent conditions. Particularly, the promoter region comprises from about 443 to about 1478 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 2, more particularly from about 759 to about 1478 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 2, or even from about 982 to about 1478 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 2. The DNA molecule can be obtained from bacteria or fungi, particularly from Monascus sp., more particularly from Monascus pilosus, Monascus ruber, or Monascus purpureus. The DNA was cloned by genetic engineering from the upstream sequence of the start coden of heat shock protein (hsp) in BCRC38072 deposited in the Food Industry Research and Development Institute. The coding region comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a desired protein. The desired protein includes enzymes such as protease, polyketide synthase and lipase; transcription factors such as activator and RNA polymerase; and hormone such as insulin and growth factor.

Yet another embodiment of the invention provides an expression vector comprising a promoter having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or the nucleotide sequence hybridizable to SEQ ID NO: 2 under stringent conditions. The promoter is as defined in the promoter region of the embodiment of the recombinant DNA. Material for constructing the embodiment of the expression vector includes a molecule sequence suitable for self-amplification in a host cell or integration into the host chromosome, such as a plasmid, a phage, or a virus. The expression vector selectively includes a nucleotide sequence encoding a desired protein, and the desired protein includes enzymes such as protease, polyketide synthase and lipase; transcription factors such as activator and RNA polymerase; and hormone such as insulin and growth factor.

Another aspect of the invention relates to an expression system comprising the defined expression vector, and a host cell suitable for expressing the desired protein. The expression vector is transformed into the host cell by transformation. The host cell includes any cell suitable for expressing the desired protein. Suitable host cells include bacteria, yeasts, animal cells, insect cells, plant cells, or filamentous fungi. The filamentous fungi can be Monascus sp., particularly Monascus pilosus, Monascus ruber, or Monascus purpureus, more particularly BCRC38072. Transformation can be completed by applying a transformation method for filamentous fungi belonging to the genus Aspergillus using the standing known host-vector system. See EP 1325959 A1 P5 [0022].

The invention also relates to a transformant comprising a nucleotide sequence of a) SEQ ID NO: 2, b) from about 443 to about 1478 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 2, c) from about 759 to about 1478 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 2, d) from about 982 to about 1478 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 2, or a nucleotide sequence hybridizable to the nucleotide sequence defined above under stringent conditions. The transformant further comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a desired protein.

The invention also relates to a method for the expression of a protein. The method comprises culturing a transformant which includes a nucleotide sequence encoding a desired protein in a medium, producing and accumulating the desired protein from the transformant to the medium, and collecting the desired protein from the medium.

Practical examples are described herein.

EXAMPLE 1 acuF Promoter

1. Materials:

(1) Host cell: Monascus BCRC 38702 (Food Industry Research and Development institute).

(2) Competent cell: ECOS™ E. coli competent cells DH5 α (Yeastern Biotech Co., Ltd.)

(3) Plasmid: pHygEGFP (BD Biosciences), pGEM®-T Easy Vector (PROMEGA).

(4) Media:

a. For E. coli: LB Broth (USB), agar (USB).

b. For Monascus sp. and Neurospora crassa: PDA (DIFICO), PDB (DIFICO), Vogel's medium (see *), and top agar.

(5) Antibiotics: Ampicillin, Hygromycin B (SIGMA).

*Vogel's medium

-   -   1. Trace elements solution: 5 g citric acid.H₂O         5 g ZnSO₄         7H₂O         1 g Fe(NH₄)₂(SO₄)₂         6H₂O         250 mg CuSO₄         5H₂O         50 mg MnSO₄         H₂O         50 mg H₃BO₃         50 mg Na₂MoO₄         2H₂O in 95 ml ddH₂O. The Final volume: 100 ml.     -   2. Biotin solution: 5 mg biotin (Sigma) in 199 ml 5% ethanol.     -   3. 50× Vogel's salt stock: 150 g Na₃ citrate.5H₂O         250 g KH₂PO₄         100 g NH₄NO₃         10 g MgSO₄         7H₂O         5 g CaCl₂·2H₂O (slowly dissolved in 20 ml H₂O previously) in 750         ml ddH₂O, add 5 ml trace elements solution and 5 ml biotin         solution. The final volume: 1 liter. After filtration,         sterilization, the solution is stored at RT.     -   4. Modified Vogel's medium: 1% Glucose in 1× Vogel's salt.         2. Procedures:

The procedures for acuF promoter are as shown in FIG. 1. A highly expressed gene Contig ID: MPTC00008457 was found from Monascus BCRC 38072 EST database in the Food Industry Research and Development Institute (FIRDI) and identified as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (acuF) gene. The gene was speculated as being regulated by a strong promoter. A probe of 465 bp was then designed according to the 5′ terminal sequence of acuF gene. The acuF probe was amplified by PCR from Monascus chromosome. After that, the PCR product was ligated to pGEM®-T Easy Vector, and the acuF probe was obtained by labeling with DIG (Digoxigenin). Colony hybridization was performed using the probe in fosmid library of Monascus BRCR 38072, and fosmid containing acuF gene was screened. The fosmid mpf01014A4 was sequenced by primer walking, and the tentative promoter sequence at upstream of acuF gene was located. The tentative promoter sequence of 1116 bp was successfully sequenced and then compared with BLAST database but no similar gene was found. The tentative acuF promoter sequence of 1116 bp was ligated into pHygEGFP by restriction sites of BglII and KpnI and the resulting plasmid was designated pMS-a1 as shown in FIG. 2 (the right one). pMS-a1 was transformed into Monascus and EGFP expression was observed as shown in FIG. 3 where FIG. 3A is bright field and FIG. 3B under fluorescent filter. The results confirmed that the tentative acuF promoter has promoter activity. It is to be noted that pMS-a1 transformed in to E. coli DH5α has been deposited as PTA-5687 in the American Type Culture Collection on Dec. 10, 2003. The procedures are described in details as below.

A. Obtaining acuF Probe Gene Fragment

acuF probe was cloned by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) from BCRC38072.

Primers were designed according to Monascus EST database.

Forward primer: 5′-TGTTAATAGGACCGCCCTGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 3) Reverse primer: 5′-AGTATGCGGTCAGAGCACC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 4)

The reaction condition was listed below.

For- Re- DNA ward verse Tem- pri- pri- plate mer mer Poly- dNTP (10 (10 (10 mersae 10 10× ng/μl) μM) μM) taq mM buffer Mg²⁺ H₂O Total μl 2 2 2 1 2 10 13 50 100

Cycle 94° C. 53° C. 72° C. 4° C. 1^(st) round 1 7 min 2^(nd) round 30 1 min 30 s 30 s 3^(rd) round 1 15 min ∞

After the reaction, the amplified fragments were extracted by equal volume of phenol/chloroform (24/25) and precipitated by 1/10 volume of 3M sodium acetate and 2× volume of 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was washed by 70% ethanol, centrifuged, and air-dried. The product was dissolved in ddH₂O and stored at −20° C.

B. Recombination of Plasmid TA-acuF

The PCR product of acuF probe was purified and collected. The DNA was mixed with pGEM®-T Easy Vector in a ratio of 3:1. 1 μl of T4 DNA ligase and 10× ligation buffer were added and suitable amount of ddH₂O was added to be a final volume of 10 μl. The ligation reaction was performed at room temperature for 1 hour. After ligation, 5 μl of ligation product was added to 100 μl of ECOS™ E. coli competent cells DH5α for transformation. Recombinant plasmid of 3483 bp was screened and confirmed by PCR. The recombinant plasmid TA-acuF was obtained.

C. Obtaining the acuF Promoter Fragment

AcuF promoter gene was cloned by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) from fosmid: mpf01014A4.

The primers and reaction condition used here are listed below.

Forward primer: (SEQ ID NO: 6) 5′-GAAGATCTCTCGTATGTTGTGTGGAATTGTGAGC-3′ Reverse primer: (SEQ ID NO: 7) 5′-ATGGTACCTGTTTCTGAGTGAGGTCGAGTG-3′

DNA Forward Reverse Template primer primer Polymersae dNTP 10× (10 ng/μl) (10 μM) (10 μM) taq 10 mM buffer Mg²⁺ H₂O Total μl 2 2 2 1 2 10 13 50 100

cycle 94° C. 59° C. 72° C. 4° C. 1^(st) round 1 7 min 2^(nd) round 30 1 min 30 s  1 min 3^(rd) round 1 15 min ∞

After the reaction, the amplified fragments were extracted by equal volume of phenol/chloroform (24/25) and precipitated by 1/10 volume of 3M sodium acetate and 2× volume of 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was washed by 70% ethanol, centrifuged, and air-dried. The product was dissolved in ddH₂O and stored at −20° C.

D. Preparation of Recombinant pMS-a1

The PCR product of promoter acuF and cloning vector pHygEGFP were separately digested by BglII and KpnI for 4 hours. The resulting fragments were separated by DNA electrophoresis and extracted by QIAquick® GEL EXTRACTION KIT. The vector and promoter acuF were mixed in a ratio of 1:3 and added to ddH₂O for a final volume of 10 μl. Ligation was performed at 16° C. for 4 hours. After ligation, 5 μl of the reaction was added into 100 μl of ECOS™ E. coli competent cells DH5α for transformation. Plasmid with 6.1 kb was screened and confirmed by PCR. The recombinant plasmid pMS-a1 was obtained.

E. Preparation of Monascus Protoplast

Monascus spore solution was plated onto PDA slant and incubated at 30° C. for 5-7 days. The spores were stripped with sterilized water and filtrated by two-layer sterilized miracloth to remove the hyphae and the agar. The filtrated spores were counted under light microscopy by a hemocytometer. Spores were harvested in a concentration of 10⁷ spores/ml in 50 ml modified Vogel's medium and incubated at 30° C. under 200 rpm vibration for 16-18 hours. Germinated spores were filtrated by two-layer miracloth and washed with sterilized water. The hyphae were rinsed with enzyme digestion buffer.

The hyphae on the miracloth was washed out by 10 ml of enzyme digestion buffer and added to 5 ml of enzyme mixture. The mixture was vortexed at room temperature for 30 min. The degradation of the cell wall was observed under light microscopy every ten min during the vortex until protoplasts were released from 90% of the hyphae. The mixture was filtrated with two-layer miracloth, and the filtrated solution was centrifuged at 1500 rpm at 4° C. for 15 min to collect the protoplasts. The supernatant was discarded, and the pellet was washed with enzyme digestion buffer twice and then with STC twice. 1.5 ml of STC, 20 μl of DMSO and 0.4 ml of PTC were added in the solution and the protoplasts were counted under microscopy. The protoplasts were distributed in a concentration of 10⁷ protoplasts/ml and stored at −80° C.

F. Transformation

The protoplasts were washed with STC twice and centrifuged at 1500 rpm at 4° C. for 15 min. The supernatant was discarded, and the protoplast pellet was resolved in 50 μl of STC. 1-10 μg plasmid DNA was added into the solution. The electroporation was performed under the condition of 200 Ohms, 25 μF, 0.7 KV. 1 ml of regeneration buffer was then added into the mixture, and the mixture was placed at 30° C. overnight. 10 ml of top agar at 50° C. containing 30 μg/ml of hygromycin B wad added to the mixture, and the mixture was then poured on a top agar containing 30 μg/ml of hygromycin B. After 3-5 days of cultivation at 30° C., the transformants can be observed.

G. Screening and Confirmation of the Transformants

(1) Few hyphae and spores of the transformant were sampled to place on a slide, a drop of distilled water was added, and the slide was covered with a cover slide. The sample was then observed under light microscopy. Green fluorescence of hyphae and spore were observed under GFP filter (Ex. 430-510 nm; Em. 475-575 nm).

(2) The transformant was grown in PDB (potato dextrose broth) at 30° C. with 200 rpm vibration for 5-10 days. The culture was homogenized and the chromosomal DNA was extracted. PCR was performed with HPH-EGFP specific primer and a product of 1740 bp was obtained.

H. Confirmation of the Smallest Fragment having Promoter Activity

To further confirm the smallest fragment of acuF promoter (1116 bp) having promoter activity, PCR products having 1000 bp, 750 bp, 600 bp, and 500 bp fragments of acuF promoter were prepared from pMS-a1. The primers for the preparation of these PCR products are listed below.

1000 bp:

Forward primer: (SEQ ID NO: 13) acuF-B2  gaagatctTGTCGATGCAATCGGGCAATCC Reverse primer: (SEQ ID NO: 14) acuF-KpnI  atggtacctGTTTCTGAGTGAGGTCGAGTG 750 bp:

Forward primer: (SEQ ID NO: 15) acuF-B3  gaagatctTGATGATTGGGATCGGACTCGG Reverse primer: (SEQ ID NO: 14) acuF-KpnI  atggtacctGTTTCTGAGTGAGGTCGAGTG 600 bp:

Forward primer: (SEQ ID NO: 16) acuF-B4  gaagatctTGCGGATCCGAGGATAAAAC Reverse primer: (SEQ ID NO: 14) acuF-KpnI  atggtacctGTTTCTGAGTGAGGTCGAGTG 500 bp:

Forward primer: (SEQ ID NO: 17) acuF-B5  gaagatctCCCGGTATTGTCCGAGGCTC Reverse primer: (SEQ ID NO: 14) acuF-KpnI  atggtacctGTTTCTGAGTGAGGTCGAGTG

The PCR products having 1000 bp, 750 bp, 600 bp, and 500 bp fragments of acuF promoter were cloned into pMS and designated as pMS-a2, pMS-a3, pMS-a4, and pMS-a5. These plasmids were then transformed into Monascus BCRC 38072 and screened by PDA plate containing Hyg^(r) 30 ug/ml. The results are shown as below.

promoter Monascus BCRC38072 size Hyg 30 ug/ml¹ Fluorescence² pMS-a1 1116 bp R + pMS-a2 1000 bp R + pMS-a3  750 bp R + pMS-a4  600 bp R + pMS-a5  500 bp N.R. N.D. ¹: R: resistance; N.R.: non-resistance. ²: +: positive; −: negative. N.D.: not detected.

The smallest fragment having promoter activity is 600 bp. The fluorescence can be detected in the transformant containing the fragment of 600 bp.

These plasmids were also transformed into Monascus pilosus BCRC 31527 and screened by PDA plate containing Hyg^(r) 50 ug/ml. The results are shown as below.

Monascus pilosus promoter BCRC31527 size Hyg 30 ug/ml¹ Fluorescence² pMS-a3 750 bp R + pMS-a4 600 bp R + pMS-a5 500 bp N.R. N.D. ¹: R: resistance; N.R.: non-resistance. ²: +: positive; −: negative. N.D.: not detected.

The smallest fragment having promoter activity is 600 bp. The fluorescence can be detected in the transformant containing the fragment of 600 bp.

These plasmids were also transformed into Neurospora crassa BCRC 32685 and screened by PDA plate containing Hyg^(r) 50 ug/ml. The results are shown as below.

Neurospora crassa BCRC32685 Promter size Hyg 200 ug/ml¹ pMS-a3 750 bp R pMS-a4 600 bp R pMS-a5 500 bp N.D. ¹: R: resistance; N.R.: non-resistance. N.D.: not detected.

The results also confirmed that the smallest fragment having promoter activity is 600 bp.

The smallest fragments of acuF promoter having promoter activity was confirmed as 600 bp (SEQ ID NO: 18) and can be expressed in Monascus BCRC 38072, Monascus pilosus BCRC31527, and Neurospora crassa BCRC326.

EXAMPLE 2 Hsp Promoter

1. Materials:

(1) Host cell: Monascus BCRC 38702 (the Food Industry Research and Development institute).

(2) Competent cell: ECOS™ E. coli competent cells DH5 α (Yeastern Biotech Co., Ltd.)

(3) Plasmid: pHygEGFP (BD Biosciences), pGEM®-T Easy Vector (PROMEGA).

(4) Media:

a. For E. coli: LB Broth (USB), agar (USB).

b. For Monascus sp. and Neurospora crassa: PDA (DIFICO), PDB (DIFICO), Vogel's medium (as listed above), and top agar.

(5) Antibiotics: Ampicillin, Hygromycin B (SIGMA).

2. Procedures:

The procedures for Hsp promoter are as shown in FIG. 4. Heat shock protein (Hsp) obtained from Monascus BCRC 38072 cDNA library was found highly expressed after 3 day-incubation at 25° C. A probe for Hsp was designed according to the 5′ terminal of Hsp gene sequence and amplified from Monascus chromosome by PCR. The PCR product was ligated to pGEM®-T Easy Vector, and the resulting sequence was designated as TA-Hsp. The TA-Hsp was labeled with DIG (Digoxigenin) and amplified by PCR to produce a probe with DIG labeling. Colony hybridization was performed in fosmid library of Monascus BCRC 38072 using the probe, and the fosmid containing Hsp was found. The Hsp gene sequence and 5′ region were located from the sequencing result of the fosmid using shotgun. Primers were designed from the 5′ region of Hsp gene. A region of 1478 bp was amplified from Monascus chromosome by PCR. The region of 1478 bp was digested at Bg/II and XhoI restriction sites and ligated to a commercialized vector pHygEGFP. The resulting plasmid was designated as pMS-hsp as shown in FIG. 5 (the right one). The vector pMS-hsp was transformed to Monascus BCRC 38072 and the transformants were screened by Hyrgromycin B. The observation of EGFP expression in the obtained transformants under fluorescent microscopy indicates that the region of 1478 bp has promoter activity as shown in FIG. 6. FIG. 6A is under light field and FIG. 6B is under fluorescent filter. The chromosomal DNA of the transformant of Monascus BCRC38072 was extracted by QIAGEN DNeasy® Plant kit and used as a template for PCR reaction with HPH-EGFP specific primers. A PCR product of 1740 bp was obtained as shown in FIG. 7. Lane 1 indicates 1 kb marker (Bio-1 Kb™ DNA Ladder), lanes 2-5 transformants no.1-4, lane 6 BCRC 38072 wild-type, (−)control, and lane 7 pHygEGFP, (+) control. It is to be noted that pMS-hsp transformed in to E.coli DH5α (as strain Escherichia coli DH5α: pMS-Hsp) has been deposited as PTA-5688 in the American Type Culture Collection, located at 10801 University Blvd., Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, on Dec. 10, 2003. The procedures are described in details as below.

A. Obtaining Hsp Probe Gene Fragment

Hsp probe was cloned by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) from Monascus BCRC38072.

Primers were designed according to Monascus EST database.

Forward primer: (SEQ ID NO: 8) mptc3161-A:  5′-GCTTATCTCCAATGCCTCCG-3′ Reverse primer: (SEQ ID NO: 9) mptc3161-B:  5′-CAAGGTCTCGCTCGTTAC-3′

The reaction condition was listed below.

For- Re- DNA ward verse Tem- pri- pri- plate mer mer Poly- dNTP (10 (10 (10 mersae 10 10× ng/μl) μM) μM) taq mM buffer Mg²⁺ H₂O Total μl 2 2 2 1 2 10 13 50 100

Cycle 94° C. 55° C. 72° C. 4° C. 1^(st) round 1 7 min 2^(nd) round 30  1 min 30 s 30 s   3^(rd) round 1 15 min ∞

After the reaction, the amplified fragments were extracted by equal volume of phenol/chloroform (24/25) and precipitated by 1/10 volume of 3M sodium acetate and 2× volume of 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was washed by 70% ethanol, centrifuged, and air-dried. The product was dissolved in ddH₂O and stored at −20° C.

B. Recombination of plasmid TA-Hsp

The PCR product of Hsp probe was purified and collected. The DNA was mixed with pGEM®-T Easy Vector in a ratio of 3:1. 1 μl of T4 DNA ligase and 10× ligation buffer were added and suitable amount of ddH₂O was added to produce a final volume of 10 μl. The ligation reaction was performed at room temperature for 1 hour. After ligation, 5 μl of ligation product was added into 100 μl of ECOS™ E. coli competent cells DH5α for transformation. Recombinant plasmid of 3482 bp was screened and confirmed by PCR. The recombinant plasmid TA-Hsp was obtained.

C. Obtaining the Hsp Promoter Fragment

Hsp promoter primers were designed from Monascus EST database, and the Hsp promoter gene was cloned by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) from BCRC 38072.

The primers and reaction condition used here are listed below.

Forward primer: (SEQ ID NO: 11) Mps17-9259-F: 5′-AGTGGCAGCCAACCCTCACC-3′ Reverse primer: (SEQ ID NO: 12) Mps17-7782-R: 5′-CGGGCTGATAGAGCAGATAGATAGATG-3′

For- Re- DNA ward verse Tem- pri- pri- plate mer mer Poly- dNTP (10 (10 (10 mersae 10 10× ng/μl) μM) μM) taq mM buffer Mg²⁺ H₂O Total μl 2 2 2 1 2 10 13 50 100

Cycle 94° C. 60° C. 72° C. 4° C. 1^(st) round 1 7 min 2^(nd) round 30  1 min 30 s  1 min 3^(rd) round 1 15 min ∞

After the reaction, the amplified fragments were extracted by equal volume of phenol/chloroform (24/25) and precipitated by 1/10 volume of 3M sodium acetate and 2× volume of 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was washed by 70% ethanol, centrifuged, and air-dried. The product was dissolved in ddH2O and stored at −20° C.

D. Preparation of Recombinant pMS-hsp

The PCR product of Hsp promoter and cloning vector pHygEGFP were separately digested by BglII and XhoI for 16 hours. The resulting fragments were separated by DNA electrophoresis and extracted by QIAquick® GEL EXTRACTION KIT. The vector and Hsp promoter were mixed in a ratio of 1:3, and ddH₂O was added for a final volume of 10 μl. Ligation was performed at 16° C. for 16 hours. After ligation, 5 μl of the reaction was added into 100 μl of ECOS™ E. coli competent cells DH5α for transformation. Plasmid with 6215 bp was screened and confirmed by PCR. The recombinant plasmid pMS-hsp was obtained.

E. Preparation of Monascus Protoplast

Monascus spore solution was plated onto a PDA slant and incubated at 30° C. for 5-7 days. The spores were stripped with sterilized water and filtrated by two-layer sterilized miracloth to remove the hyphae and the agar. The filtrated spores were counted under light microscopy by a hemocytometer. Spores were harvested in a concentration of 10⁷ spores/ml in 50 ml modified Vogel's medium and incubated at 30° C. under 200 rpm vibration for 16-18 hours. Germinated spores were filtrated by two-layer miracloth and washed by sterilized water. The germinated spores were rinsed with enzyme digestion buffer.

The hyphae on the miracloth was washed out by 10 ml of enzyme digestion buffer and added to 5 ml of enzyme mixture. The mixture was shaked at room temperature for 30 min. The degradation of the cell wall was observed under light microscopy every ten min. shake until 90% protoplast were released from the hyphae. The mixture was filtrated with two-layer miracloth and the filtrated solution was centrifuged under 1500 rpm at 4° C. for 15 min to collect the protoplasts. The supernatant was discarded and the pellet was washed with enzyme digestion buffer twice and then with STC twice. 1.5 ml of STC, 20 μl of DMSO and 0.4 ml of PTC were added to the solution and the protoplasts were counted under microscopy. The protoplasts were distributed in a concentration of 10⁷ protoplasts/ml and stored at −80° C.

F. Transformation

The protoplasts were washed with STC twice and centrifuged under 1500 rpm at 4° C. for 15 min. The supernatant was discarded, and the protoplast pellet was resolved in 50 μl of STC. 1-10 μg plasmid DNA was added into the solution. The electro-transformation was performed under the condition of 200 Ohms, 25 μF, 0.7 KV. 1 ml regeneration buffer was then added into the mixture, and the mixture was placed at 30° C. overnight. 10 ml of top agar at 50° C. containing 30 μg/ml of hygromycin B was added and the mixture was then poured on a top agar containing 30 μg/ml of hygromycin B. After 3-5 days of cultivation at 30° C., the transformants were observed.

G. Screening and Confirmation of the Transformants

(1) Few hyphae and spores of the transformant were sampled to place on a slide, added a drop of distilled water, covered with a cover slide and observed under light microscopy. Green fluorescence of hyphae and spore were observed under GFP filter (Ex. 430-510 nm; Em. 475-575 nm).

(2) The transformant was grown in PDB (potato dextrose broth) at 30° C. with 200 rpm vibration for 5-10 days. The culture were homogenized and the chromosomal DNA was extracted. PCR was performed with HPH-EGFP specific primers and a product of 1740 bp was obtained.

H. Confirmation of the Smallest Fragment Having Promoter Activity

To further confirm the smallest fragment of Hsp promoter (1478 bp) having promoter activity, PCR products having 1036 bp, 720 bp, and 497 bp fragments of Hsp promoter were prepared from pMS-Hsp. The primers for the preparation of these PCR products are listed below.

497 bp:

Forward primer: CCGAGAGCGCGTATATGTAACG (SEQ ID NO: 19) Reverse primer: CTGATAGAGCAGATAGATAGATG (SEQ ID NO: 20) 720 bp:

Forward primer: TGAATTGTGTGGGTGCGTGG (SEQ ID NO: 21) Reverse primer: CTGATAGAGCAGATAGATAGATG (SEQ ID NO: 20) 1036 bp:

Forward primer: CAGTGCATCTTAGCGGTTGG (SEQ ID NO: 22) Reverse primer: CTGATAGAGCAGATAGATAGATG (SEQ ID NO: 20) 1478 bp:

Forward primer: AGTGGCAGCCAACCCTCACC (SEQ ID NO: 23) Reverse primer: CTGATAGAGCAGATAGATAGATG (SEQ ID NO: 20)

The PCR products having 1478 bp, 1036 bp, 720 bp, and 497 bp fragments of Hsp promoter were cloned into expression vectors and the expression vectors were then transformed into Monascus BCRC 38072 and screened by PDA plate containing Hygr 30 ug/ml.

The results are shown as below.

promoter size Hyg resistance¹ Fluorescence² 1478 bp R + 1036 bp R N.D.  720 bp R N.D.  497 bp R + ¹: R: resistance; N.R.: non-resistance. ²: +: positive; −: negative. N.D.: not detected.

The smallest fragment having promoter activity is 497 bp. The fluorescence can be detected in the transformant containing the fragment of 497 bp.

These plasmids were also transformed into Monascus pilosus BCRC 31527 and Neurospora crassa BCRC 32685 and screened by PDA plate containing Hyg^(r) 50 ug/ml or 200 ug/ml. The results are shown as below.

Species Hyg resistance¹ Fluorescence² M. sp. BCRC 38072 R + M. pilosus R + N. crassa R − ¹: R: resistance; N.R.: non-resistance. ²: +: positive; −: negative.

The smallest fragments of Hsp promoter having promoter activity was confirmed as 497 bp (SEQ ID NO: 24) and can be expressed in Monascus BCRC 38072, Monascus pilosus BCRC31527, and Neurospora crassa BCRC326.

Other Embodiments

The embodiments of the expression vector can be obtained by PCR amplifying and ligating the embodiment of the promoter sequence with a labeling gene in a downstream region thereof. The labeling gene can be, for example, hygromycine resistant gene or hyg-GFP and the expression vector is then constructed as a marker for transformation screening, for example, the estimation of gene cloning efficiency.

The embodiments of the promoter sequence can also be ligated with a labeling gene and a desired target gene at a downstream region thereof for in vivo or in situ detection of protein reaction or active sites in the target protein.

In the embodiments of the expression system, the transformants, and the method for protein expression in the invention, the promoter can be ligated with a desired enzyme gene such as protease, amylase, chitinase, phytase, glucoamylase at a downstream region thereof. Using this system, the production time of these enzymes can be shortened and the production rate can be largely increased. For example, the increased production rate of Monascus protease enhances the efficiency of soybean as a culturing medium, and the cost can be reduced. In addition, the increased production rate of Monascus amylase enhances the saccharification of Monascus during wine-making, resulting in improvement of the process and the development of new wines.

In other embodiments of the expression system, transformants, and methods for protein expression, the promoter can be ligated with genes of secondary metabolites such as polyketide synthase, or nonribosomal peptide synthase gene at a downstream region thereof. This system provides advanced production time of the secondary metabolites thereby increasing the production rate and greatly reducing the cost.

Moreover, transcriptional activator genes can be inserted into the downstream of the embodiment of the promoter in the vector, and genes regulated by the activator can be activated by the over-expressed activator, thereby greatly increasing the production rate.

While the invention has been described by way of example and in terms of preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited thereto.

REFERENCE

1. Transformation system of fungus belonging to the genus Monascus. EP 1325959 A1

2. Lakrod K., Chaisrisook C. and Skinner D. Z. (2003) Transformation of Monascus purpureus to hygromycin B resistance with cosmid pMOcosX reduces fertility, Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 6(2): 143-7.

3. Campoy S, Perez F, Martin J F, Gutierrez S and Liras P. (2003) Stable transformants of the azaphilone pigment-producing Monascus purpureus obtained by protoplast transformation and Agrobacterium-mediated DNA transfer. Curr Genet: 43(6):

4. Lakrod K, Chaisrisook C and Skinner D Z. (2003) Expression of pigmentation genes following electroporation of albino Monascus purpureus. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 30(6): 369-74. 

1. A DNA molecule comprising a contiguous nucleotide sequence extending from the nucleotide position of about 982 to the nucleotide position of about 1478 of the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the contiguous nucleotide sequence derived from SEQ ID NO.: 2 has promoter activity.
 2. The DNA molecule as claimed in claim 1, wherein the contiguous nucleotide sequence extends from the nucleotide position of about 759 to the nucleotide position of about 1478 of the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the contiguous nucleotide sequence derived from SEQ ID NO.: 2 has promoter activity.
 3. The DNA molecule as claimed in claim 1, wherein the contiguous nucleotide sequence extends from the nucleotide position of about 443 to the nucleotide position of about 1478 of the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the contiguous nucleotide sequence derived from SEQ ID NO.: 2 has promoter activity.
 4. The DNA molecule as claimed in claim 1, wherein the contiguous nucleotide sequence extends from the nucleotide position of about 1 to the nucleotide position of about 1478 of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the contiguous nucleotide sequence derived from SEQ ID No.: 2 has promoter activity.
 5. The DNA molecule as claimed in claim 1, wherein the DNA molecule is obtained from bacteria or fungi.
 6. The DNA molecule as claimed in claim 1, wherein the DNA molecule is obtained from Monascus sp.
 7. The DNA molecule as claimed in claim 6, wherein the DNA molecule is obtained from Monascus pilosus, Monascus ruber, or Monascus purpureus.
 8. The DNA molecule as claimed in claim 7, wherein the DNA molecule is obtained from PTA-5688 deposited in the American Type Culture Collection.
 9. A recombinant DNA, comprising: a promoter region comprising a nucleotide sequence of about 982 to about 1478 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 2; or a nucleotide sequence hybridizable thereto under stringent conditions; and a coding region comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a desired protein.
 10. The recombinant DNA as claimed in claim 9, wherein the promoter region comprises a nucleotide sequence of about 759 to about 1478 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 2 nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 2 or a nucleotide sequence hybridizable thereto under stringent conditions.
 11. The recombinant DNA as claimed in claim 9, wherein the promoter region comprises a nucleotide sequence of about 443 to about 1478 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 2 or a nucleotide sequence hybridizable thereto under stringent conditions.
 12. The recombinant DNA as claimed in claim 9, wherein the promoter comprises a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or a nucleotide sequence hybridizable thereto under stringent conditions.
 13. The recombinant DNA as claimed in claim 9, wherein the promoter region is obtained from Monascus sp.
 14. The recombinant DNA as claimed in claim 9, wherein the promoter region is obtained from Monascus pilosus, Monascus ruber, Monascus purpureus.
 15. The recombinant DNA as claimed in claim 14, wherein the promoter region is obtained from PTA-5688 deposited in the American Type Culture Collection.
 16. An expression vector comprising a promoter comprising a nucleotide sequence of about 982 to about 1478 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 2 or a nucleotide sequence hybridizable thereto under stringent conditions.
 17. The expression vector as claimed in claim 16, wherein the promoter comprises a nucleotide sequence of about 759 to about 1478 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 2 or a nucleotide sequence hybridizable thereto under stringent conditions.
 18. The expression vector as claimed in claim 16, wherein the promoter comprises a nucleotide sequence of about 443 to about 1478 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 2 or a nucleotide sequence hybridizable thereto under stringent conditions.
 19. The expression vector as claimed in claim 16, wherein the promoter comprises a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or a nucleotide sequence hybridizable thereto under stringent conditions.
 20. The expression vector as claimed in claim 16, wherein the promoter is obtained from Monascus sp.
 21. The expression vector as claimed in claim 16, wherein the promoter is obtained from Monascus pilosus, Monascus ruber, or Monascus purpureus.
 22. The expression vector as claimed in claim 21, wherein the promoter is obtained from PTA-5688 deposited in the American Type Culture collection. 